Inhaled steroids do not decrease bone mineral density but increase risk of fractures: data from the GIUMO Study Group.

Although the negative effect of systemic steroids on bone is well documented, there is not clear evidence about possible adverse effects of inhaled steroids on bone metabolism and fractures. A cross-sectional study was performed on 105 women suffering from bronchial asthma treated with inhaled steroids and 133 controls. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) at the calcaneus and by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), at both the lumbar spine and proximal femur. Patients suffering from bronchial asthma showed no statistically significant changes in BMD as measured by DXA or QUS, compared with controls. A higher prevalence of fractures was found in the group of women with bronchial asthma, with an age-adjusted odds ratio of 2.79 (95% CI: 1.19-6.54). Inhaled steroids do not appear to decrease BMD, but are associated with an increased risk of fracture in women.

Neurocisticercosis en España / Neurocysticercosis in Spain

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[What is the opinion of Spanish internists on osteoporosis?]. / 'Qué opinan los internistas españoles de la osteoporosis?

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an opinion survey on osteoporosis in Spanish internists. METHOD: Survey sent by mail and by personal visit to members of the Spanish Internists Society. Collection of data on opinion on the disease, diagnostic and therapeutic attitude and means available (general laboratory analyses, conventional radiology, biochemical markers of bone remodeling, densitometry and ultrasounds) and preference when choosing a certain treatment. RESULTS: A total of 538 internists answered. More than 90% of those surveyed consider that osteoporosis is a disease that should be treated by internists. A total of 93% consider that osteoporosis is a prevalent disease. More than 80% have access to densitometry. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Spanish internists consider that osteoporosis is a disease that should be treated by internists and that it is a disease that enters into their action scope. In general, they have the means necessary for its study and treatment. Bisphosphonates constitute the drug of choice and calcium and vitamin D supplements are indicated in almost all the cases.

¿Qué opinan los internistas españoles de la osteoporosis? / What is the opinion of Spanish internists on osteoporosis?

Objetivo. Realizar una encuesta de opinión sobre osteoporosis en internistas españoles. Método. Encuesta remitida por correo y por visita personal a miembros de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna. Recogida de datos sobre opinión acerca de la enfermedad, actitud diagnóstica y terapéutica y medios disponibles (analítica general, radiología convencional, marcadores bioquímicos de remodelamiento óseo, densitometría y ultrasonidos) y preferencias a la hora de elegir un determinado tratamiento. Resultados. Contestaron un total de 538 internistas. Más del 90% de los encuestados opina que la osteoporosis es una enfermedad que deben tratar los internistas. El 93% considera que la osteoporosis es una patología prevalente. Más del 80% tiene acceso a una densitometría. Conclusiones. Los internistas españoles opinan mayoritariamente que la osteoporosis es una enfermedad que deben tratar los internistas y que entra en su ámbito de actuación. Por lo general disponen de los medios que necesitan para su estudio y tratamiento. Los bifosfonatos constituyen el fármaco de elección y en la práctica totalidad de los casos indican un suplemento de calcio y vitamina D

Objective. To conduct an opinion survey on osteoporosis in Spanish internists. Method. Survey sent by mail and by personal visit to member of the Spanish Internists Society. Collection of data on opinion on the disease, diagnostic and therapeutic attitude and means available (general laboratory analyses, conventional radiology, biochemical markers of bone remodeling, densitometry and ultrasounds) and preference when choosing a certain treatment. Results. A total of 538 internists answered. More than 90% of those surveyed consider that osteoporosis is a disease that should be treated by internists. A total of 93% consider that osteoporosis is a prevalent disease. More than 80% have access to a densitometry. Conclusions. The majority of Spanish internists consider that osteoporosis is a disease that should be treated by internists and that it is a disease that enters into their action scope. In general, they have the means necessary for its study and treatment. Bisphosphonates constitute the drug of choice and calcium and vitamin D supplements are indicated in almost all the cases

[Clinical and therapeutic characteristics in patients with heart failure cared in a tertiary hospital]. / Características clínicas y terapéuticas de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca en un hospital de tercer nivel.

INTRODUCTION: Heart failure shows high incidence and prevalence in our population. Objectives of our study are to describe the profile of patients cared in the Internal Medicine Department of our hospital, in order to analyze the therapeutic characteristics and to know the degree of utilization of different pharmacological groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study with collection of data from clinical records of patients admitted to 2002 with the diagnosis of heart failure in Internal Medicine Department of San Carlos Hospital in Madrid. Total patients with heart failure was 1,338. Calculating the sample size with a precision of 5% and a confidence interval of 95%, the number of randomly selected clinical records was 130. Data were obtained with a questionnaire for analysis of different clinical and therapeutic parameters. RESULTS: The average age was 80.3 (SD: 9.64) years, and most patients were women. Most frequent associated pathology was hypertension, and in 70.2% patients a diagnosis of some disease was established. Diuretics were the drugs most utilized and its prescription increased at discharge (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the higher the functional class the more diuretics were prescribed. Beta-blockers were prescribed in 7.1% patients, more frequently in patients with an ejection fraction higher than 35% (p = 0.042). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Patients with heart failure in our environment have advanced age, shows important comorbidities, and suffer an advanced functional class heart failure, being the diuretics their essential treatment. We observed that there is no uniformity concerning the treatment with regard to the last recommendations, and that there is a limited utilization of drugs as beta-blockers that have demonstrated increase the survival of patients with heart failure.

Características clínicas y terapéuticas de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca en un hospital de tercer nivel / Clinical and therapeutic characteristics in patients with heart failure cared in a tertiary hospital

Introducción. La insuficiencia cardíaca tiene una elevada incidencia y prevalencia en nuestra población. Los objetivos marcados en nuestro estudio son describir el perfil del paciente que ingresa en los servicios de Medicina Interna de nuestro hospital con objeto de analizar los aspectos terapéuticos y conocer el grado de utilización de los distintos grupos farmacológicos. Material y métodos. Se realiza un estudio transversal recogiendo datos de las historias clínicas de los pacientes ingresados en el año 2002 en los sevicios de Medicina Interna del Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid con el diagnóstico de insuficiencia cardíaca. El total de pacientes con dichas características es de 1.338. Calculando el tamaño muestral con una precisión del 5% y un intervalo de confianza del 95%, el número de historias analizadas es de 130 escogidas de un modo aleatorio. Los datos se recogen mediante un cuestionario que analiza diferentes variables clínicas y terapéuticas. Resultados. La media de edad es de 80,3 (desviación estándar: 9,64) años, siendo en su mayoría mujeres. La patología asociada más frecuente es la hipertensión arterial, existiendo en un 70,2% de los pacientes alguna enfermedad. Los diuréticos son los fármacos más utlizados y su prescripción aumenta al alta (p < 0,0001). Además se prescriben más cuanto peor es la clase funcional. Los bloqueadores beta se prescriben en el 7,1% de los pacientes, más en pacientes con fracciones de eyección superiores al 35% (p = 0,042). Discusión y conclusiones. En nuestro medio los pacientes con IC tienen una edad avanzada, presentan una importante comorbilidad y una clase funcional avanzada, siendo los diuréticos su tratamiento de base. Observamos que no existe homogeneización en cuanto al tratamiento con respecto a las últimas recomendaciones y que hay una escasa utilización de los fármacos que, como los bloqueadores beta, han demostrado un aumento de la supervivencia en la insuficiencia cardíaca

Introduction. Heart failure shows high incidence and prevalence in our population. Objectives of our study are to describe the profile of patients cared in the Internal Medicine Department of our hospital, in order to analyze the therapeutic characteristics and to know the degree of utilization of different pharmacological groups. Patients and methods. A cross-sectional study with collection of data from clinical records of patients admitted to 2002 with the diagnosis of heart failure in Internal Medicine Department of San Carlos Hospital in Madrid. Total patients with heart failure was 1,338. Calculating the sample size with a precision of 5% and a confidence interval of 95%, the number of randomly selected clinical records was 130. Data were obtained with a questionnaire for analysis of different clinical and therapeutic parameters. Results. The average age was 80.3 (SD: 9.64) years, and most patients were women. Most frequent associated pathology was hypertension, and in 70.2% patients a diagnosis of some disease was established. Diuretics were the drugs most utilized and its prescription increased at discharge (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the higher the functional class the more diuretics were prescribed. Beta-blockers were prescribed in 7.1% patients, more frequently in patients with an ejection fraction higher than 35% (p = 0.042). Discussion and conclusions. Patients with heart failure in our environment have advanced age, shows important comorbidities, and suffer an advanced functional class heart failure, being the diuretics their essential treatment. We observed that there is no uniformity concerning the treatment with regard to the last recommendations, and that there is a limited utilization of drugs as beta-blockers that have demonstrated increase the survival of patients with heart failure

Dolor abdominal e inestabilidad hemodinámica en paciente con pluripatología / Abdominal pain, hypovolemic shock and comorbidity

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Angiomiolipomatosis renal y esclerosis tuberosa / Renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex

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Prevalencia de osteoporosis en la población española por ultrasonografía de calcáneo en función del criterio diagnóstico utilizado. Datos del estudio GIUMO / Calcaneous ultasonography es measurement of osteoporosis prevalence in the general population in relation to the diagnostic criterion utilized. Data of the study GIUMO

Fundamento. En los últimos años se han desarrollado un gran número de técnicas para estimar la densidad mineral ósea y con ello poder realizar el diagnóstico de osteoporosis. Sin embargo, invariablemente se aplican los criterios diagnósticos que fueron establecidos por la OMS para su utilización con la densitometría radiológica dual (DEXA), lo cual podría no ser correcto en el caso de los ultrasonidos. Método. Se estudió a una población escogida aleatoriamente de 2.589 personas de ambos sexos, 1.138 varones y 1.451 mujeres de entre 10 y 99 años de edad procedente de 11 provincias españolas. Se efectuó una medición de los parámetros que estima el ultrasonógrafo de calcáneo Sahara®, Hologic®: velocidad del sonido, (SOS), coeficiente de atenuación de banda ancha (BUA), índice de consistencia (QUI) y densidad mineral ósea estimada (est. DMO). Se calculó la prevalencia de osteopenia y osteoporosis aplicando los criterios de la OMS (osteopenia: Tscore 1 y osteoporosis Tscore 2,5) y la prevalencia de osteoporosis efectuando el corte en un Tscore de -1,8.Resultados. Empleando los criterios de la OMS, existe osteoporosis (Tscore 2,5) en el 1,5 por ciento de los varones y el 5,9 por ciento de las mujeres de entre 51 y 70 años y en el 2,6 por ciento de los varones y el 22,1 por ciento de las mujeres de más de 70 años. Si efectuamos el corte en un Tscore de -1,8, la prevalencia asciende al 8,2 por ciento de los varones y 21,9 por ciento de las mujeres de entre 51 y 70 años y al 8,4 por ciento de los varones y 40,9 por ciento de las mujeres de más de 70 años. Conclusión. La prevalencia de osteoporosis en la población española de ambos sexos difiere notablemente aplicando el punto de corte en un Tscore de -2,5 como indica la OMS o en -1,8 sugerido por otros autores. Es necesario la realización de un consenso para establecer cuál es el punto de corte apropiado para el diagnóstico de osteoporosis por ultrasonografía cuantitativa de calcáneo (AU)

[Calcaneous ultrasonography as measurement of osteoporosis prevalence in the general population in relation to the diagnostic criterion utilized. Data of the study GIUMO]. / Prevalencia de osteoporosis en la población española por ultrasonografía de calcáneo en función del criterio diagnóstico utilizado. Datos del estudio GIUMO.

CONTEXT: In recent years, a large number of techniques have been developed to estimate the bone mineral density for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, diagnostic criteria established by WHO are invariably applied for the interpretation of dual radiological densitometry (DEXA), which could not be correct in the case of the interpretation of ultrasound. METHOD: We studied 2,589 randomly chosen people of both sexes, 1,138 males and 1,451 women from 10 to 99 years, in 11 spanish provinces. We carried out a measurement of the following calcaneous ultrasound parameters with the Sahara and Hologic devices: speed of the sound (SOS), coefficient of attenuation of wide band (BUA), index of consistency (QUI) and estimated bone mineral density (est. BMD). The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis was calculated by applying the WHO criteria (osteopenia Tscore < or = 1 and osteoporosis Tscore < or = 2.5) and the prevalence of osteoporosis by applying a Tscore 1.8 as threshold. RESULTS: According to the WHO criteria, osteoporosis (Tscore < or = 2.5) is seen in 1.5 % males and 5.9 % females from 51 to 70 years, and in 2.6% males and 22.1% females over 70 years. Using a Tscore 1.8 as threshold, osteoporosis prevalence increases to 8.2% males and 21.9% females from 51 to 70 years, and to 8.4% males and 40.9% females over 70 years. CONCLUSION: Osteoporosis prevalence in spanish people of both sexes differs notably when applying the cut off point in a Tscore of 2.5, as WHO recommends, or in a Tscore of 1.8 as is suggested by other authors. Consensus is necessary to establish the appropriate cut off point or threshold for the diagnosis of osteoporosis with quantitative ultrasonography of calcaneum.

Síndrome de hipersensibilidad retardada a fármacos / Drug-induced delayed hypersensitivity syndrome

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Diferencias regionales en los valores ultrasonográficos. Datos del estudio GIUMO / Regional differences in the ultrasonographic values. Data of GIUMO study

Toda nueva técnica utilizada para estimar la densidad mineral ósea precisa unos valores de referencia, tanto de normalidad como de precisión y exactitud, hasta el punto de que la Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda que estos estudios sean realizados localmente. En el grupo de investigación sobre ultrasonidos y metabolismo óseo (GIUMO) hemos realizado este trabajo en la población española, pero tratándose de un estudio cooperativo multicéntrico, hemos observado marcadas diferencias entre los distintos centros participantes. Presentamos en este artículo las variaciones encontradas al analizar los parámetros del ultrasonográfo Sahara ©Hologic ©: (velocidad del sonido, SOS, coeficiente de atenuación de banda ancha, BUA, índice de Consistencia , QUI y densidad mineral ósea estimada , BMD), así como la precisión in vivo, in vitro y la exactitud de estas estimaciones (AU)

[Bone mineral density in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus]. / Densidad mineral ósea en la diabetes mellitus infantojuvenil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine bone mineral density (BMD) at axial and appendicular sites in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and evaluate its relationship with metabolic control and disease duration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR-1000) in the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and at the distal third forearm in 246 healthy non-diabetic children and adolescents (111 boys, 135 girls, aged 2.8-20.8 years) and in 45 diabetic patients (18 boys, 27 girls, aged 5.2-19.4 years). The results were expressed as the mean and standard deviation. The differences were tested by analysis of variance or Students t-test, as appropriate. The relationship between BMD and the remaining variables was studied by simple Pearsons coefficient and partial correlation coefficient. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: BMD Increased progressively from infancy to adulthood In both populations. Lumbar spine and forearm BMD were significantly lower in diabetic patients than in the healthy non-diabetic children, mainly during pubertal spurt. The greatest differences were found in males and in the trabecular bone. No relationship was found between metabolic control (mean glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin requirement) and duration of diabetes and the BMD in any region studied (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus appear to constitute a population at risk of osteoporosis in adult-hood. Diagnosis of osteopenia diagnosis should be established according to densitometric criteria. In this study, metabolic control parameters and duration of diabetes did not enable predetermination of diabetic patients at risk of osteoporosis in adulthood.

Estudio doble ciego sobre la eficacia de elcatonina nasal intermitente a largo plazo en mujeres postmenopáusicas recientes / Long-term double-blind study of the efficacy intermitent nasal elcatonin in recent

Fundamentos: Tratamientos continuos con calcitonina (CT) han mostrado incremento de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) durante los primeros 18 meses, para disminuir después parcialmente. Al objeto de mejorar el resultado obtenido se propone una pauta de tratamiento cíclico durante el 50 a 66 porciento del tiempo de seguimiento en mujeres postmenopáusicas recientes. Método: Estudio piloto, doble ciego, aleatorizado de dos años de duración, en ciclos de 60 días cada 3 meses con 40 U de elcatonina (ELC) intranasal o placebo (PL) en 60 mujeres osteopénicas con menos de 5 años de menopausia. Basalmente y cada 3 meses se evaluaron cumplimento y seguridad del tratamiento, dolor espontáneo y grado de incapacidad, y al inicio y semestralmente se determinó la DMO lumbar y femoral con DXA. Resultados: De las inicialmente incluídas concluyeron el estudio 41 pacientes (21 ELC y 20 PL) sin diferencias basales. El tratamiento fué realmente empleado durante el 59 porciento del tiempo de observación con ELC y en el 58 porciento con PL. El T-score basal fué -2,29DE en las PL y -2,42DE en las ELC. Las densitometrías mostraron aumento de DMO en las tratadas con ELC hasta los 18 meses en ambos territorios y pérdida en las que recibieron PL. Conclusión: 40 U de elcatonina durante algo más del 50 porciento del tiempo de observación evita a largo plazo (2 años) la progresiva pérdida de DMO en postmenopáusicas recientes (AU)

Densidad mineral ósea en la diabetes mellitus infantojuvenil / Bone mineral density in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Scanear (AU)

[Double-blind study on the efficacy of long-term intermittent nasal elcatonin in recent postmenopausal women]. / Estudio doble ciego sobre la eficacia de elcatonina nasal intermitente a largo plazo en mujeres postmenopáusicas recientes.

FUNDAMENTALS: Continuous treatment with calcitonin (CT) has caused an increase of bone mineral density for the first 18 months, followed by a partial decrease of it. In order to obtain a better result in a two year follow-up, it is proposed a schedule treatment during 50% to 66% of the time in recent postmenopausal women. METHODS: Pilot, double-blind, randomised, two years follow-up study. 60 women with osteopenia less than 5 years from menopause received 40 U of intranasal elcatonin (ELC) or placebo (PL) 2 months ON, one month OFF. Compliance, safety, pain and the degree of incapacity were evaluated at baseline and every 3 months. At the start and every six months lumbar and femoral BMD were assessed with DXA. RESULTS: 41 patients completed the study (21 ELC and 20 PL). There were no basal differences. The treatment was actually used during 59% of the follow-up time in the ELC group and during 58% of the time in the PL group. Basal T-scores were -2.29 SD in the PL group and -2.42 SD in the ELC group. Bone densitometry showed an increase of BMD in the group of patients treated with ELC up to 18 months (lumbar and femoral) but a loss in those patients that received PL. CONCLUSION: 40 U of nasal elcatonin for more than 50% of the observation time prevents in the long-term (2 years) the progressive loss of bone mineral density in recent postmenopausal women.